Jumat, 31 Desember 2010

EUTHANASIA BAGI PENDERITA HIV / AIDS DALAM PRESPEKTIF HUKUM ISLAM DAN HUKUM PIDANA INDONESIA


EUTHANASIA BAGI PENDERITA HIV / AIDS DALAM PRESPEKTIF HUKUM ISLAM DAN HUKUM PIDANA INDONESIA

Oleh:
Taufan Florisa

Abstract
Perubahan dan perkembangan pada masyarakat saat ini telah menimbulkan berbagai permasalahan khususnya masalah baru yang sama sekali belum pernah ada ketentuannya di dalam nash Al-qur?an dan Al-hadits. Realita ini menuntut kita untuk mencari solusi hukumnya untuk dijadikan pedoman yang akan membawa manusia kepada kemaslahatan dan menghindarkan diri dari kemafsyadatan.
Untuk menetapkan hukum (ijtihad) terhadap masalah-masalah baru yang tidak diketemukan ketentuannya dalam al Qur?an dan Hadist, para ahli agama atau (ahli ushul fiqih) mencoba untuk merumuskan kaidah-kaidahnya atau metode-metode fiqhiyah sebagai jalan kelauarnya.
Dalam konsep ini, maqoshid al syari?ah adalah sebuah konsep dasar pembentukan hukum dengan orientasi mewujudkan kemaslahatan dan mencegah kemafsyadatan bagi manusia. Karena orientasinya tersebut, menjadikan kajian hukum islam (maqoshid al syari?ah) sangat relevan apabila diterapkan dalam ijtihad terhadap masalah masa kini yang semakin rumit dan kompleks. Dalam pencapaian kemaslahatan tersebut hendaknya tidak mengabaikan lima hal: yaitu agama, jiwa, akal, keturunan dan harta sebagaimana yang dikehendaki oleh hukum.
Di seluruh dunia telah mengakui bahwasanya salah satu penyakit yang di takuti banyak orang adalah AIDS. Dari semua hasil penelitian semua ahli medis mengenai HIV atau AIDS, membuktikan orang yang bisa terkena HIV atau AIDS bukan hanya bagi mereka yang senang berganti-ganti pasangan, akan tetapi kemudian terbukti virus tersebut bisa juga menular melalui jarum suntik, transplantasi organ tubuh yang terinfeksi HIV atau AIDS, donor darah dan ibu yang menyusui bayinya yang terkena virus tersebut.
Virus ini sampai sekatang belum juga ditemukan obatnya dan kebanyakan orang yang terkena virus ini berakhir dengan kematian. Sehingga timbul masalah di antara pemuka agama tentang boleh tidaknya euthanasia bagi pengidap HIV atau AIDS, karena dampak buruknya bagi masyarakat sekelilingnya.
Dalam penulisan ini, penulis mencoba untuk melakukan ijtihad terhadap masalah tersebut. Yaitu melihat masalah euthanasia bagi penderita HIV atau AIDS dalam konteks memelihara agama, jiwa, akal, keturunan dan harta. Adapun penulisan ini penulis menggunakan metode ijtihad maslahah mursalah, karena maslahah muslahah adalah sebuah metode ijtihad dengan orientasi mewujudkan kemaslahatan bagi manusia. Sangat relevan apabila diterapkan dalam ijtihad terhadap permasalahan masa kini yang semakin rumit dan kompleks.
Menurut pendapat penulis euthanasia bagi penderita HIV atau AIDS dengan alasan apapun adalah haram berdasarkan prinsip umum yang tersirat dan tersurat baik dalam al Qur?an maupun Hadist dan merupakan pengabaian terhadap hukum islam (maqoshid al syari?ah). Khususnya dalam pemeliharaan agama dan jiwa, serta dalam hukum pidana tetap dilarang dan dapat dijatuhi pidana berdasarkan pasal 334 KUHP dengan hukum penjara maksimal 12 tahun.



The change and development in society has created many problems, especially new problems which has no rule in Al-Qur?an Nash and Al-Hadits. This reality forced us to find law solution to create a compass which brought human being into kindness and avoided badness.
To state law (ijtihad) to the new problems which couldn?t find inside Qur?an and Hadits, the religious leader (ushul fiqh scholar) tried to conclude the principles or fiqhiyah method as a way out.
In this concept, maqushid al syari?ah was a basic concept to form law directed to create kindness and avoid badness for human being. Because of the orientation, Islamic Law (maqoshid al syari?ah) was relevant to apply in ijtihad of nowadays problem which become complicated and complex. In reaching the kindness, we shouldn?t avoid five things : religion, soul, mind, offspring, and wealth as the law needed.
All over the world, people has acknowledged that one disease which was feared by many people was AIDS. All medical person researches about HIV or AIDS proved that person who could injected by HIV or AIDS not just they who loved to change partners, the virus also spread through injection needle, transplantation of organ which infected by HIV or AIDS, blood donor, and mother?s milk which infected the virus
There was still no cure for AIDS, and many people who infected by the virus ended with death. There rose a problem between religion leaders about euthanasia for HIV or AIDS, since the bad effect to the people around.
In this writing, the writer focused to do ijtihad to the problem. Seeing euthanasia for HIV or AIDS victim in the context of keeping religion, soul, mind, offspring, and wealth. In this writing, the writer needed to do ijtihad method, since the problem of society was an ijtihad method which was aimed to decide kindness direction. The complex and complicated problems could be relevant to the nowadays problem.
According to the writer?s opinion, euthanasia for HIV or AIDS with any reasonable reason was ?forbidden? according to the general principal in Al-Qur?an and Hadits and also avoidance in Islamic Law, especially in Law development and soul. In criminal law, it also was forbidden and an avoidance to Islamic Law especially in criminal Law and could be punished according to section 334 with maximum punishment 12 years in Jail.
Keyword : EUTHANASIA BAGI PENDERITA HIV
Related Link : http://skripsi.umm.ac.id/files/disk1/269/jiptummpp-gdl-s1-2008-taufanflor-13413-PENDAHUL-N.pdf

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